To separate a mixture of alcohol (ethanol) and water, you can use a process called fractional distillation. This technique relies on the fact that the compounds in the mixture have different boiling points. Ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5 degrees Celsius while water has a boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius. By heating the mixture to a temperature between these two boiling points, the ethanol will vaporize and rise up the column of the distillation apparatus. The vapor is then condensed back into a liquid by cooling it down in a separate container. This process is repeated several times until the desired concentration of ethanol is achieved .

Fractional distillation is used to produce a concentrated solution of ethanol from the filtrate. This works because ethanol and water have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated, ethanol evaporates more readily. The purpose of the tower internals (trays) is to allow intimate contact between rising vapors and descending liquids correlated separation of vapor and liquid.

In summary, fractional distillation is the process in which ethanol is separated from water to give a product with a higher alcohol content.

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- https://chemeng.queensu.ca/courses/CHEE332/files/distillation.pdf

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